Which Statement Best Supports Militarization

National reliance on a strong war machine

Militarism is the conventionalities or the desire of a government or a people that a land should maintain a strong military adequacy and to use it aggressively to expand national interests and/or values.^[1] It may also imply the glorification of the military and of the ideals of a professional armed forces class and the "predominance of the military machine in the administration or policy of the country"^[ii] (come across also: stratocracy and military junta).

Militarism has been a meaning element of the imperialist or expansionist ideologies of many nations throughout history. Some notable cases include the Ancient Assyrian Empire, the Greek city land of Sparta, the Roman Empire, the Aztec nation, the Mongol Empire, the Zulu Kingdom, the Kingdom of Prussia, the Habsburg/Habsburg-Lorraine Monarchies, the Ottoman Empire, the Empire of Nihon, the Russian Empire, Soviet Union, North Korea, the The states, Nazi Deutschland, the Italian Empire during the rule of Benito Mussolini, the German language Empire, the British Empire, and the First French Empire nether Napoleon.

By nation [edit]

Germany [edit]

The roots of German militarism can be found in 18th- and 19th-century Prussia and the subsequent unification of Frg under Prussian leadership. However, Hans Rosenberg sees its origin already in the Teutonic Order and its colonization of Prussia during the late Middle Ages, when mercenaries from the Holy Roman Empire were granted lands by the Order and gradually formed a new landed hawk Prussian nobility, from which the Junker dignity would later evolve.^[3]

During the 17th-century reign of the "Dandy Elector" Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg, Brandenburg-Prussia increased its armed services to 40,000 men and began an effective military assistants overseen past the Full general War Commissariat. In order to bolster his ability both in interior and foreign matters, so-called Soldatenkönig ("soldier king") Frederick William I of Prussia started his large-scale military reforms in 1713, thus beginning the state's tradition of a loftier military machine budget by increasing the annual military spending to 73% of the entire annual upkeep of Prussia. By the time of his death in 1740, the Prussian Army had grown into a continuing ground forces of 83,000 men, one of the largest in Europe, at a time when the entire Prussian populace fabricated upwards 2.v meg people. Prussian military writer Georg Henirich von Berenhorst would subsequently write in hindsight that ever since the reign of the soldier male monarch, Prussia e'er remained "non a country with an ground forces, but an regular army with a country" (a quote oft misattributed to Voltaire and Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau).^[iv]

Later on Napoleon Bonaparte conquered Prussia in 1806, ane of the conditions of peace was that Prussia should reduce its army to no more than 42,000 men. In order that the country should not over again be so easily conquered, the Male monarch of Prussia enrolled the permitted number of men for one year, trained and then dismissed that group, and enrolled another of the same size, and and so on. Thus, in the course of ten years, he was able to gather an regular army of 420,000 men who had at least one yr of military grooming. The officers of the army were drawn well-nigh entirely from amid the land-owning nobility. The result was that there was gradually congenital up a large class of professional officers on the 1 manus, and a much larger class, the rank and file of the army, on the other. These enlisted men had become conditioned to obey implicitly all the commands of the officers, creating a class-based culture of deference.^{[ citation needed ]}

This system led to several consequences. Since the officer course besides furnished about of the officials for the civil assistants of the country, the interests of the army came to be considered as identical to the interests of the state every bit a whole. A 2nd result was that the governing course desired to continue a organisation which gave them so much power over the common people, contributing to the continuing influence of the Junker noble classes.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Militarism in Germany continued afterwards Earth War I and the fall of the High german monarchy in the German Revolution of 1918–1919, in spite of Allied attempts to trounce German militarism by means of the Treaty of Versailles, every bit the Allies saw Prussian and German militarism as one of the major causes of the Dandy State of war. During the menses of the Weimar Republic (1918–1933), the 1920 Kapp Coup d'état, an attempted insurrection d'état against the republican government, was launched by disaffected members of the armed forces. Later this event, some of the more radical militarists and nationalists were submerged in grief and despair into the NSDAP party of Adolf Hitler, while more than moderate elements of militarism declined and remained affiliated with the German National People's Political party (DNVP) instead.^{[ citation needed ]}

Throughout its entire 14-yr beingness, the Weimar Democracy remained under threat of militaristic nationalism, equally many Germans felt the Treaty of Versailles humiliated their militaristic civilization. The Weimar years saw big-calibration right-wing hawk and paramilitary mass organizations such as Der Stahlhelm besides as illegal underground militias such as the Freikorps and the Black Reichswehr. Formed as early as 1920, out of the latter ii presently rose the Sturmabteilung (SA), the paramilitary branch of the Nazi party. All of these were responsible for the political violence of then-called Feme murders and an overall atmosphere of lingering civil war during the Weimar period. During the Weimar era, mathematician and political writer Emil Julius Gumbel published in-depth analyses of the militarist paramilitary violence characterizing High german public life as well as the state's lenient to sympathetic reaction to it if the violence was committed by the political right.^{[ citation needed ]}

Nazi Germany was a strongly militarist country; subsequently its defeat in 1945, militarism in German culture was dramatically reduced as a backlash against the Nazi period, and the Centrolineal Command Quango and subsequently the Centrolineal High Commission oversaw a program of attempted central re-education of the German language people at large in order to put a stop to German militarism once and for all.^{[ citation needed ]}

The Federal Democracy of Germany today maintains a large, modern armed services and has one of the highest defence budgets in the world; at i.three percent of Germany's Gross domestic product, it is, in 2019, similar in cash terms to those of the Britain, French republic and Nippon, at around Us$50bn.^[5] ^[half-dozen]

Republic of india [edit]

The rise of militarism in India dates back to the British Raj with the institution of several Indian independence move organizations such as the Indian National Army led by Subhas Chandra Bose. The Indian National Army (INA) played a crucial role in pressuring the British Raj after it occupied the Andaman and Nicobar Islands with the help of Imperial Nihon, simply the movement lost momentum due to lack of support by the Indian National Congress, the Battle of Imphal, and Bose's sudden death.

Afterward India gained independence in 1947, tensions with neighbouring Pakistan over the Kashmir dispute and other issues led the Indian government to emphasize military preparedness (run across also the political integration of India). Subsequently the Sino-Indian War in 1962, India dramatically expanded its military which helped Republic of india win the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971.^[7] Bharat became 3rd Asian land in the world to possess nuclear weapons, culminating in the tests of 1998. The Kashmiri insurgency and recent events including the Kargil War against Pakistan, assured that the Indian government remained committed to military expansion.

In recent years the regime has increased the military expenditure across all branches and embarked on a rapid modernization programme.

Israel [edit]

Israel'south many Arab–Israeli conflicts since the Proclamation of the Establishment of the Land have led to a prominence of security and defense in politics and ceremonious society, resulting in many of Israel'due south former high-ranking military machine leaders condign top politicians: Yitzhak Rabin, Ariel Sharon, Ezer Weizman, Ehud Barak, Shaul Mofaz, Moshe Dayan, Yitzhak Mordechai, Amram Mitzna and Benny Gantz.

Nihon [edit]

In parallel with 20th-century German militarism, Japanese militarism began with a series of events past which the military gained prominence in dictating Nihon's affairs. This was evident in 15th-century Japan's Sengoku period or Age of Warring States, where powerful samurai warlords (daimyōs) played a significant role in Japanese politics. Japan's militarism is deeply rooted in the aboriginal samurai tradition, centuries before Japan's modernization. Even though a militarist philosophy was intrinsic to the shogunates, a nationalist style of militarism adult after the Meiji Restoration, which restored the Emperor to ability and began the Empire of Japan. It is exemplified by the 1882 Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors, which chosen for all members of the military machine to have an absolute personal loyalty to the Emperor.

In the 20th century (approximately in the 1920s), two factors contributed both to the power of the armed services and anarchy within its ranks. 1 was the "War machine Ministers to be Agile-Duty Officers Constabulary", which required the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) and Regal Japanese Navy (IJN) to concur to the Ministry of Army position in the Cabinet. This essentially gave the armed services veto power over the formation of any Cabinet in the ostensibly parliamentary country. Another cistron was gekokujō, or institutionalized disobedience by junior officers.^[8] It was not uncommon for radical junior officers to press their goals, to the extent of assassinating their seniors. In 1936, this phenomenon resulted in the February 26 Incident, in which junior officers attempted a insurrection d'état and killed leading members of the Japanese government. The rebellion enraged Emperor Hirohito and he ordered its suppression, which was successfully carried out past loyal members of the armed forces.

In the 1930s, the Great Depression wrecked Japan's economic system and gave radical elements within the Japanese military machine the chance to realize their ambitions of acquisition all of Asia. In 1931, the Kwantung Ground forces (a Japanese war machine force stationed in Manchuria) staged the Mukden Incident, which sparked the Invasion of Manchuria and its transformation into the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo. Six years later, the Marco Polo Bridge Incident outside Peking sparked the 2nd Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945). Japanese troops streamed into Red china, conquering Peking, Shanghai, and the national upper-case letter of Nanking; the last conquest was followed by the Nanking Massacre. In 1940, Japan entered into an alliance with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, ii similarly militaristic states in Europe, and advanced out of Prc and into Southeast Asia. This brought nigh the intervention of the U.s.a., which embargoed all petroleum to Japan. The embargo somewhen precipitated the Assail on Pearl Harbor and the entry of the U.S. into Globe State of war 2.

In 1945, Japan surrendered to the United States, beginning the Occupation of Japan and the purging of all hawk influences from Japanese society and politics. In 1947, the new Constitution of Japan supplanted the Meiji Constitution as the primal law of the country, replacing the rule of the Emperor with parliamentary government. With this outcome, the Empire of Nihon officially came to an end and the modern Land of Japan was founded.

Democratic people's republic of korea [edit]

North Korean propaganda landscape

Sŏn'gun (often transliterated "songun"), Democratic people's republic of korea'due south "War machine First" policy, regards military power as the highest priority of the country. This has escalated and so much in the DPRK that one in v people serves in the armed forces, and the armed forces has become ane of the largest in the world.

Songun elevates the Korean People's Armed Forces inside North Korea as an organization and every bit a state function, granting it the main position in the N Korean authorities and society. The principle guides domestic policy and international interactions.^[9] It provides the framework of the government, designating the military as the "supreme repository of power". Information technology also facilitates the militarization of not-military sectors past emphasizing the unity of the military and the people by spreading military civilisation among the masses.^[ten] The North Korean government grants the Korean People's Army as the highest priority in the economy and in resource-allotment, and positions information technology as the model for club to emulate.^[11] Songun is also the ideological concept behind a shift in policies (since the death of Kim Il-sung in 1994) which emphasize the people's armed services over all other aspects of state and the interests of the military comes kickoff earlier the masses (workers).

Philippines [edit]

the Philippine Army in Malolos Bulacan ca.1899

In the Pre-Colonial era, the Filipino people had their own forces, divided between the islands which each had its own ruler. They were called Sandig (Guards), Kawal (Knights), and Tanod. They also served as the police and watchers on the land, coastlines and seas. In 1521, The Visayan Male monarch of Mactan Lapu-Lapu of Cebu, organized the offset recorded military action confronting the Spanish colonizers, in the Battle of Mactan.

In the 19th century during the Philippine Revolution, Andrés Bonifacio founded the Katipunan, a revolutionary organization against Kingdom of spain at the Cry of Pugad Lawin. Some notable battles were the Siege of Baler, The Boxing of Imus, Battle of Kawit, Battle of Nueva Ecija, the victorious Boxing of Alapan and the famous Twin Battles of Binakayan and Dalahican. During Independence, the President General Emilio Aguinaldo established the Magdalo, a faction separate from Katipunan, and he alleged the Revolutionary Regime in the constitution of the First Philippine Republic.

And during the Filipino-American State of war, the General Antonio Luna as a Loftier-Ranking General, He Ordered a Conscription to all Citizens, a mandatory grade of National Services (at any War's) for the increment the density and the manpower of the Philippine Army.

During Globe War II, the Philippines was one of the participants, equally a fellow member of Allied Forces, the Philippines with the U.Due south. Forces fought the Regal Japanese Regular army, (1942–1945) the notable battles is the victorious Boxing of Manila, which also called "The Liberation".

During the 1970s the President Ferdinand Marcos declared P.D.1081 or martial law, which also made the Philippines a garrison state. Past the Philippine Police (PC) and Integrated National Constabulary (INP), The High-School or Secondary and College Educational activity accept a compulsory Curriculum apropos the Armed forces, and nationalism which is the "Citizens Military machine Training" (CMT) And "Reserve Officers Training Corps" (ROTC). But in 1986, when the constitution inverse, this form of National Service Training Program became non-compulsory but still role of the Basic Didactics.^[12]

Russia [edit]

Russia has also had a long history of militarism standing on to the present 24-hour interval driven by its desire to protect its western borderland which has no natural buffers between potential invaders from the rest of continental Europe and her heartlands in European Russian federation. Always since Peter the Neat's reforms, Russia became one of Europe'southward neat powers in terms of political and military force. Through the Purple era, Russia continued on her quest for territorial expansion into Siberia, Caucasus and into Eastern Europe, eventually acquisition the majority of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

The finish of imperial rule in 1917 meant the loss of some territory following the treaty of Brest-Litovsk, but much of information technology was quickly reconquered by the Soviet Union after, including events such as the partitioning of Poland and reconquest of the Baltic states in the tardily 1930s and '40s. Soviet influence reached its height later on WWII in the Cold War era, during which the Soviet Union occupied virtually all of Eastern Europe in a military machine alliance known as the Warsaw Pact, with the Soviet Army playing a central role. All this was lost with the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. Russia was greatly weakened in what Russia's second President Vladimir Putin called the greatest geopolitical disaster of the 20th century. Notwithstanding, under Putin'southward leadership, a resurgent modern Russia has maintained a tremendous amount of geopolitical influence in the countries spawned from the dissolution of the Soviet Spousal relationship, and mod Russia remains Eastern Europe's leading, if not dominant, power.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Turkey [edit]

Militarism has a long history in Turkey.

The Ottoman Empire lasted for centuries and always relied on its military might, but militarism was non a function of everyday life. Militarism was merely introduced into daily life with the appearance of modern institutions, especially schools, which became part of the state appliance when the Ottoman Empire was succeeded by a new nation state – the Republic of Turkey – in 1923. The founders of the republic were adamant to break with the past and modernise the land. There was, nonetheless, an inherent contradiction in that their modernist vision was limited past their armed services roots. The leading reformers were all military men and, in keeping with the military tradition, all believed in the potency and the sacredness of the state. The public also believed in the military. Information technology was the military machine, subsequently all, who led the nation through the State of war of Liberation (1919–1923) and saved the motherland.

The first military insurrection in the history of the republic was on 27 May 1960, which resulted in the hanging of PM Adnan Menderes and two ministers, and a new constitution was introduced, creating a Constitutional Court to vet the legislation passed by parliament, and a military-dominated National Security Council to oversee the authorities affairs similar to the politburo in the Soviet Spousal relationship.^[13] The second military coup took identify on 12 March 1971, this time only forcing the government to resign and installing a chiffonier of technocrats and bureaucrats without dissolving the parliament. The third armed services coup took place on 12 September 1980, which resulted in the dissolution of parliament and all political parties every bit well as imposition of a much more than authoritarian constitution. There was another military machine intervention that was called a "post-mod insurrection" on 28 Feb 1997 which merely forced the authorities to resign, and finally an unsuccessful military insurrection effort on 15 July 2016.

The ramble referendums in 2010 and 2017 have inverse the limerick and role of the National Security Council, and placed the war machine under the command of civilian government.

United states of america [edit]

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries political and military leaders reformed the US federal regime to establish a stronger central government than had always previously existed for the purpose of enabling the nation to pursue an purple policy in the Pacific and in the Caribbean and economic militarism to support the development of the new industrial economic system. This reform was the consequence of a conflict between Neo-Hamiltonian Republicans and Jeffersonian-Jacksonian Democrats over the proper administration of the state and management of its strange policy. The conflict pitted proponents of professionalism, based on business concern management principles, against those favoring more local control in the hands of laymen and political appointees. The result of this struggle, including a more professional federal civil service and a strengthened presidency and executive branch, made a more expansionist foreign policy possible.^[14]

After the end of the American Civil War the national army roughshod into disrepair. Reforms based on various European states including United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland, Germany, and Switzerland were made so that it would go responsive to command from the key government, prepared for future conflicts, and develop refined control and support structures; these reforms led to the evolution of professional military thinkers and cadre.

A pie chart showing global military expenditures by state for 2019, in Usa$ billions, according to SIPRI.

During this time the ideas of Social Darwinism helped propel American overseas expansion in the Pacific and Caribbean area.^[15] ^[16] This required modifications for a more efficient fundamental government due to the added administration requirements (run into above).

The enlargement of the U.S. Army for the Spanish–American State of war was considered essential to the occupation and command of the new territories acquired from Spain in its defeat (Guam, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Cuba). The previous limit by legislation of 24,000 men was expanded to 60,000 regulars in the new army beak on 2 February 1901, with allowance at that time for expansion to fourscore,000 regulars by presidential discretion at times of national emergency.

U.South. forces were again enlarged immensely for World State of war I. Officers such as George South. Patton were permanent captains at the start of the state of war and received temporary promotions to colonel.

Between the first and second world wars, the U.s.a. Marine Corps engaged in questionable activities in the Assistant Wars in Latin America. Retired Major General Smedley Butler, who was at the fourth dimension of his death the near decorated Marine, spoke strongly confronting what he considered to be trends toward fascism and militarism. Butler briefed Congress on what he described as a Business Plot for a military coup, for which he had been suggested every bit leader; the matter was partially corroborated, only the real threat has been disputed. The Latin American expeditions concluded with Franklin D. Roosevelt's Good Neighbor policy of 1934.

After Globe War II, there were major cutbacks, such that units responding early on in the Korean War under United Nations authority (due east.g., Task Forcefulness Smith) were unprepared, resulting in catastrophic performance. When Harry Southward. Truman fired Douglas MacArthur, the tradition of civilian control held and MacArthur left without any hint of military coup.

The Common cold War resulted in serious permanent military buildups. Dwight D. Eisenhower, a retired tiptop war machine commander elected every bit a civilian President, warned, as he was leaving office, of the development of a war machine–industrial complex.^[17] In the Cold War, there emerged many civilian academics and industrial researchers, such as Henry Kissinger and Herman Kahn, who had significant input into the utilize of military force. The complexities of nuclear strategy and the debates surrounding them helped produce a new group of 'defence force intellectuals' and recollect tanks, such as the Rand Corporation (where Kahn, amid others, worked).^[18]

It has been argued that the United States has shifted to a state of neomilitarism since the cease of the Vietnam State of war. This class of militarism is distinguished by the reliance on a relatively minor number of volunteer fighters; heavy reliance on complex technologies; and the rationalization and expansion of government advertizing and recruitment programs designed to promote military service.^[19]

Venezuela [edit]

Militarism in Venezuela follows the cult and myth of Simón Bolívar, known as the liberator of Venezuela.^[20] For much of the 1800s, Venezuela was ruled by powerful, militarist leaders known as caudillos.^[21] Between 1892 and 1900 alone, six rebellions occurred and 437 military actions were taken to obtain command of Venezuela.^[21] With the war machine decision-making Venezuela for much of its history, the state expert a "armed forces ethos", with civilians today all the same believing that armed forces intervention in the government is positive, especially during times of crunch, with many Venezuelans assertive that the war machine opens autonomous opportunities instead of blocking them.^[21]

Much of the modern political movement behind the Fifth Republic of Venezuela, ruled by the Bolivarian government established by Hugo Chávez, was congenital on the following of Bolívar and such militaristic ideals.^[20]

Venezuela denies the ambitious use of its regular army, equally PSUV and the Bolivarian credo merits to be anti-imperialist.

Run across also [edit]

Jingoism
Militarization of police
Stratocracy

References [edit]

Notes

^ New Oxford American Lexicon (2007)
^ "Militaristic - definition of militaristic by The Free Dictionary". TheFreeDictionary.com.
^ Rosenberg, H. (1943). The Ascent of the Junkers in Brandenburg-Prussia, 1410-1653: Part 1. The American Historical Review, 49(1), one-22
^ Aus dem Nachlasse von Georg Heinrich von Berenhorst. Herausgegeben von Eduard von Bülow. Erste Abteilung 1845. Verlag von Aue in Dessau.S. 187 books.google. Rezension in Literaturblatt (Beilage zum Morgenblatt für gebildete Stände) No. 48 vom 7. Juli 1846, S. 191 rechts oben books.google
^ https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2020-04/fs_2020_04_milex_0_0.pdf^{[ bare URL PDF ]}
^ https://www.iiss.org/-/media/images/comment/armed services-balance-weblog/2020/02/new-defence-budgets-and-expenditure-2019.jpg?h=586&la=en&mw=865&w=865&hash=FFC0A4DBDC2F9F9DF53D890823D6F0073CA75ABF^{[ bare URL paradigm file ]}
^ Srinath Raghavan, 1971: A Global History of the Creation of Bangladesh (Harvard Univ. Press, 2013).
^ "Strengths and Weaknesses in the Decision-Making Procedure" Craig AM in Vogel, EM (ed.), Mod Japanese Organisation and Decision-Making, Academy of California Press, 1987.
^ Vorontsov, Alexander Five (26 May 2006). "Due north Korea'southward War machine-First Policy: A Expletive or a Blessing?". Brookings Institution. Archived from the original on 31 May 2006. Retrieved 26 March 2007.
^ New Challenges of North Korean Foreign Policy Past K. Park
^ Jae Kyu Park, "North korea since 2000 and prospects for Inter Korean Relations" Korea.internet, nineteen Jan 2006, <http://world wide web.korea.internet/News/Issues/IssueDetailView.asp?board_no=11037 Archived 13 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine> 12 May 2007.
^ Militarism in the Philippines. 2005.
^ Columnist M. Ali Kışlalı cites Army commander Faruk Gürler for this comparing in his article "MGK değişti ama" in the newspaper "Radikal", dated 4 July 2007. https://www.ab.gov.tr/p.php?e=36535
^ Fareed Zakaria, From Wealth to Ability: The Unusual Origins of America's World Role (Princeton Univ. Press, 1998), chap.iv.
^ Richard Hofstadter (1992). Social Darwinism in American Thought. Beacon Press. ISBN978-0-8070-5503-8.
^ Spencer Tucker (2009). The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars: A Political, Social, and Armed services History. ABC-CLIO. ISBN978-1-85109-951-1.
^ Audra J. Wolfe, Competing with the Soviets: Science, Technology, and the State in Cold State of war America (Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 2013), chap.ii.
^ Fred Kaplan, The Wizards of Armageddon (1983, reissued 1991).
^ Roberts, Alasdair. The Collapse of Fortress Bush: The Crisis of Authority in American Government Archived 2 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine. New York: New York Academy Press, 2008, fourteen and 108–117.
^ ^a ^b Uzcategui, Rafael (2012). Venezuela: Revolution as Spectacle. See Sharp Press. pp. 142–149. ISBN9781937276164.
^ ^a ^b ^c Block, Elena (2015). Political Communication and Leadership: Mimetisation, Hugo Chavez and the Construction of Power and Identity. Routledge. pp. 74–91. ISBN9781317439578.

Further reading

Bacevich, Andrew J. The New American Militarism. Oxford: Academy Press, 2005.
Barr, Ronald J. "The Progressive Ground forces: United states Army Command and Administration 1870–1914." St. Martin's Press, Inc. 1998. ISBN 0-312-21467-7.
Barzilai, Gad. Wars, Internal Conflicts and Political Order. Albany: State University of New York Press. 1996.
Bond, Brian. State of war and Society in Europe, 1870–1970. McGill-Queen's Academy Press. 1985 ISBN 0-7735-1763-4
Conversi, Daniele 2007 'Homogenisation, nationalism and state of war', Nations and Nationalism, Vol. 13, no 3, 2007, pp. 1–24
Ensign, Tod. America's War machine Today. The New Printing. 2005. ISBN 1-56584-883-seven.
Fink, Christina. Living Silence: Burma Under Military Dominion. White Lotus Press. 2001. ISBN 1-85649-925-1.
Frevert, Ute. A Nation in Barracks: Modern Frg, Military Conscription and Civil Society. Berg, 2004. ISBN i-85973-886-nine
Huntington, Samuel P.. Soldier and the State: The Theory and Politics of Civil-Military machine Relations. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1981.
Ito, Tomohide: Militarismus des Zivilen in Japan 1937–1940: Diskurse und ihre Auswirkungen auf politische Entscheidungsprozesse (Reihe zur Geschichte Asiens; Bd. xix). Iudicium Verlag, München 2019. ISBN 978-3862052202
Ritter, Gerhard. The Sword and the Scepter; the Problem of Militarism in Germany, translated from the German by Heinz Norden, Coral Gables, Fla., University of Miami Press 1969–73.
Shaw, Martin. Mail service-Armed services Club: Militarism, Demilitarization and War at the End of the Twentieth Century. Temple University Press, 1992.
Tang, C. Comprehensive Notes on Earth History Hong Kong, 2004.
Vagts, Alfred. A History of Militarism. Summit Books, 1959.
Western, Jon. Selling Intervention and War. Johns Hopkins University . 2005. ISBN 0-8018-8108-0